MEDITATIONS First Philosophy is made up of six meditations，in
which Descartes First discards all belief in things which are not
absolutely certain， and then tries to establish what can be known
for sure. The meditations were written as if he were mcditating
for
6 days： each meditation refers to the last one as
"yesterday".
In Ethics， Spinoza attempts to demonstrate a "fully cohesive
philosophical system that strives to provide a coherent picture of
reality and to comprehend the meaning of an ethicallife." Although
it was published posthumously in 1677， it is his most famous work，
and is considered his magnum opus.
關於作者：
RENE DESCARTES （1596-1650）， a French philosopher and writer
who has been called the "Father of Modern Philosophy，" and in
particular， his Meditations on First Philosophy continues to be a
standard text at most university philosophy departments.
Descartes is perhaps best known for the philosophical statement
"Cogito ergo sum" （I think， therefore I am; or I do think，
therefore I do exist）.
BARUCH DE SPINOZA （1632，-1677） was a Dutch philosopher. By laying
the groundwork for the i8th century Enlightenment and modern
biblical criticism， he came to be considered one of the great
rationalist''s of the 17th-century philosophy Gilles Delouse names
him "the prince of philosophers."
目錄：
MEDITATIONS ON FIRST PHILOSOPHY
INTRODUCTION
PREFACE TO THE READER
SYNOPSIS OF THE SIX FOLLOWING MEDITATIONS
MEDITATION I OF THE THINGS OF WHICH WE
MAY DOUBT
MEDITATION II OF THE NATURE OF THE HUMAN
MIND; AND THAT IT IS MORE EASILY KNOWN
THAN THE BODY
MEDITATION III OF GOD: THAT HE EXISTS
MEDITATION IV OF TRUTH AND ERROR
MEDITATION V OF THE ESSENCE OF
MATERIAL THINGS; AND, AGAIN, OF GOD;
THAT HE EXISTS
MEDITATION VI OF THE EXISTENCE OF MATERIAL
THINGS,AND OF THE REAL DISTINCTION
BETWEEN THE MIND AND BODY OF MAN
PART I CONCERNING GOD
PART II OF THE NATURE AND ORIGIN OF
THE MIND
PART III ON THE ORIGIN AND NATURE OF
THE EMOTIONS
PARTIV OF HUMAN BONDAGE OR THE STRENGTH OF THE EMOTIONS
PART V ON THE POWER OF THE UNDERSTANDING,OR OF HUMAN
內容試閱：
3
The first objection is that though， would the humor mind reflects
on itself， it does not perceive that it is any other than a
flunking thing， it does not follow that its nature or essence
consists only in its being a thing loch thinks; so that the word
ONLY shall exclude all other things which might also perhaps be
said to pertain to the nature of the mind. To this objection I
reply， that it was not my intention in that place to exclude these
according to the order of truth in the matter （of which I did not
then treat）， but only according to the order of thought
（perception）; so that my meaning was， that I clearly apprehended
nothing， so far as I was conscious， as belonging to my essence，
except that I was a thinking thing， or a thing possessing in itself
the faculty of thinking. But I will show hereafter how， from the
consciousness that nothing besides flunking belongs to the essence
of the nun， it follows that nothing else does in truth belong to
it.
4
The second objection is that it does not follow， from my
possessing the idea of a thing more perfect than I am， that the
idea itself is more perfect than myself， and much less that what is
represented by the idea exists. But I reply that in the term idea
there is here something equivocal; for it may be taken either
materially for an act of the understanding， and in this sense it
cannot be said to be more perfect than I， or objectively， for the
thing represented by that act， which， although it be not supposed
to exist out of my understanding， may， nevertheless， be more
perfect than myself， by reason of its essence. But， in the sequel
of this treatise I will show more amply how.
……
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